The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Brighter Green, 2. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. However, the expected level was not achieved. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. 27 May 2021. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Title. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. 3. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Includes a market overview and trade data. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. >. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Section D. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Download. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. . Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. Agriculture. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. An estimated 85 percent of the . In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. State farms sold their output to the AMC. 2. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land.

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