Following the money and power-grabbing era of the Robber Barons, the U.S. government decided it was time to take on the powerful monopolies. . By providing your information to FreedomWorks, you agree to receive email updates and text messages from FreedomWorks and its partners in freedom. Again, one might expect the county-level vote on the two measures to be inversely related, as a yes vote on the initiative, which would reinstate the language of the 1905 legislation, would have the same effect as voting no on the popular referendum. WebOn December 13, 2001, President Bush announced the withdrawal of the United States from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, a bedrock of U.S.Soviet nuclear stability during the Cold War era. When they did, it was usually limited to his involvement with the Denver Tramway or prior holdings in the railroad. b. the Populist Movement d. the government's commitment to regulate big business, the government's commitment to regulate big business, The ability to vote for Senators happened because Among the other reforms that the Progressive Era saw were laws to regulate and limit dangerous child labor and laws which created the 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week. Both incorrectly report that the bill went to the people by legislative default. Jun 2011 - Nov 20116 months. SMITH, DANIEL A. 24. He believed that citizens were capable of being leaders and that they should c. muckrakers and women's organizations Schmidt wrongly states that there were 22 Initiatives on the ballot, of which nine passed. Schmidt, Citizen Legislators, 226. . The Progressive Era was the most transformational time in the history of American Politics. For especially good accounts of the campaigns to adopt initiative and referendum mechanisms in other states, see Goebel, Thomas, A Case of Democratic Contagion: Direct Democracy in the American West, 18901920, Pacific Historical Review (05 1997): 213230Google Scholar; Piott, Steven, The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America, Hayes Historical Journal 11 (Spring 1992): 517Google Scholar; and in the case of California, Allswang, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 818. See Dubofsky, Melvyn, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Chicago, 1969)Google Scholar; Foner, Philip, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. a. southern farmers and clergy members 72. d. laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring, government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented, Which groups were most influential in passing the Pure Food and Drug Act? In its nonpartisan analysis of the thirty-two ballot measures, the Colorado Bar Association minced no words: The purpose of the proposed law is to give state aid to The Denver, Northwestern, and Pacific Railway Company, in the construction of its line from Denver to Salt Lake City. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 97. WebProgressive Era, such as reforms of initiative, referendum, and recall advocated by Hiram Johnson, the governor of California (Doc 4). 41. See Garrett, Elizabeth, Perspective on Direct Democracy: Who Directs Direct Democracy? University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 4 (1997): 1736Google Scholar; Smith, Daniel A., Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; idem, Reevaluating the Causes of Proposition 13, Social Science History 23:2 (Summer 1999): 173210; idem, Campaign Financing of Ballot Initiatives in the American States, in Larry Sabato, Bruce Larson, and Howard Ernst, eds., Dangerous Democracy? Business Men in Public War over Utilities Bill, Denver Post, 10 October 1912. In 1913, the DLL, as well as some Democratic members of the House, circulated a petition for an initiative on the 1914 ballot that would have dissolved the state Senate. The Progressive Era, which actually extended from the 1890s to c. stricter regulations in the meat industry We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 12, no. For example, Link and McCormick write, Two new formal mechanisms of public opinion, the initiative and referendum, permitted voters themselves to propose and enact legislation even against the will of the legislature, and seemingly gave everyone an equal opportunity to change the laws, but in practice they were used most effectively by well-organized interest groups, such as labor unions, prohibitionists, and woman suffragists. Link and McCormick make no mention of how corporate interests also used the mechanisms. 54 Colo. 262 (Denver, 1913)Google Scholar. "Referendum 42. d. Cold War, Issues surrounding women's voting rights were settled by- 51. The popular referendum is a measure that appears on the ballot as a result of a voter petition drive and is similar to the initiative in that both are triggered by petitions, but One of the methods they came up with was the initiative and referendum. WebReferendum - allowed citizens to approve or reject laws Recall - Gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their end of term. But ballot measure campaigns were not covered by the Purity of Elections Law. a. the founding of women's colleges 25. 15. WebLegislative referendum was proposed by Thomas Jefferson in 1775, for Virginia's state constitution. Colorado Senate, Senate Journal, 15258. What is error code E01-5 on Toyota forklift. University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures Submitted to the Electors of Colorado Under the Initiative and Referendum Amendment and by the 18th General Assembly, Mill & Mine: The C.F. The increased taxing power creates more government spending, which is used by federal politicians to curry favor with voters. Encyclopedia.com. Progressive reforms began with the creation of the federal civil service system with the Pendleton Act of 1883. The governor did not have the opportunity either to endorse or veto the measure. ." 27 April 2009, Since its inaugural use in Oregon in 1904, direct democracyas practiced in twenty-seven American stateshas garnered its share of defenders and critics. Not surprisingly, the proposal was roundly condemned by area newspapers. According to their reading of events, Governor John Shafroth neither signed nor vetoed the bill, which caused the measure to be referred automatically to a vote of the people as per the Constitution. c. collecting donations for charities Through the years, America has witnessed the disappearance of thousands of our civil societies (e.g. Ballot Initiatives, State Policies, and Public Opinion, Journal of Politics 58 (1996): 760775CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Camobreco, John, Preferences, Fiscal Policies, and the Initiative Process, Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 819829CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hagen, Michael, Lascher, Edward, and Camobreco, John, Response to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy Responsiveness, Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 12571263CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Then it managed to put a referendum on independence on the ballot. https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum, "Referendum 1. WebFor charters adopted after July 1, 1973, any amendment of those provisions would be subject to the procedures in section 166.031, Florida Statutes, which includes a requirement that a The Progressive philosophys roots go back to, at least, Hegel during the early 19th Century in Prussia. WebDiscuss one impact of the Progressive movement on American politics. a. Wilson won most of the western states & I. in the Twentieth Century (Lincoln, 1992), 21Google Scholar. The referendum is a check on such abuses as corrupt legislation or blatantly partisan gerrymandering of legislative districts (see gerrymander) but it also provides a way for politicians to avoid responsibility for controversial measures. (February 22, 2023). For concise overviews of the main substantive and normative issues concerning the direct-democracy debate, see Smith, Daniel A., Direct Democracy and Its Critics, in Woolley, Peter and Papa, Albert, eds., American Politics: Core Argument/Current Controversy, 2d ed. ObamaCare stifles employment. They lobbied congress to pass a constitution amendment, used the referendum process to pass state suffrage laws, recruited wealthy, well-eduction women to work for suffrage, and held protest marches and hunger strikes. The Battle Over Ballot Initiatives in America (Lanham, Md., 2001); idem, Special Interests and Direct Democracy: An Historical Glance, in M. Dane Waters, ed., The Battle Over Citizen Lawmaking (Durham, N.C., 2001). For estimates of voter turnout in Colorado during the Progressive Era, see Spencer, R. C., Activities of the Colorado Electorate, American Political Science Review 17 (1923): 101108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. & I. in the Twentieth Century, David Moffat's Denver, Northwestern and Pacific: The Moffat Road, The Moffat Tunnel of Colorado: An Epic of Empire, Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections, Washington's First Experiment in Direct Legislation, Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Working in Colorado: A Brief History of the Colorado Labor Movement, Proper Safeguards for the Initiative and Referendum, Official Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Western Federation of Miners of America, August 2, 1910July 29, 1916, Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative: Evidence from the Last 30 Years, Legislative Response to the Threat of Popular Initiatives, Gun Behind the Door? A very harmful cycle, increased spending has led to deficits which have become an enormous government debt approaching $20 trillion. (February 22, 2023). Smith, Daniel A. Newspapers of the day rarely referred to the specific corporate holdings of Evans. 9. In Oregon, for instance, voters approved two initiatives in June 1908, which were placed on the ballot by upstream and downstream fisherman, that effectively eradicated the other's right to fish for salmon on the Columbia River. Since the Progressive Era, many scholars have expressed deep reservations over the ability of citizens to vote on ballot measures that support their core beliefs and attitudes. 46. d. the women's suffrage movement, stricter regulations in the meat industry, What likely accounts for Woodrow Wilson winning the 1912 election? All the progressives ask or desire is permissionin an era when development, evolution, is the scientific wordto interpret the Constitution according to the Darwinian principle. Indeed, while the Colorado electorate summarily rejected both public utility measures in 1912, a county-level analysis of the two votes reveals that voters in the state's sixty-two counties did not vote at the aggregate level as consistently on the two measures as might be expected. See Citizens' League Petitions Are Filed with Supervisors, Rocky Mountain News, 13 April 1910; Evans-Speer Gangs Vote Bosses' Will at Primaries, Rocky Mountain News, 22 April 1910; Senator Patterson Asks W. G. Evans for Definite Statement of Moffat Road's Future, Rocky Mountain News, 12 April 1911. McNeal, Ramona S. 76. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? There are several other inaccuracies in works concerning the adoption of public policies in Colorado via the initiative. Once the scheme was disclosed publicly, enough legislators refused to endorse it; Speer never won his coveted U.S. Senate seat. There are numerous other journalistic accounts critical of direct democracy. For the keen interest of voters regarding prohibition measures in other states during the Progressive Era, see Shippee, Lester, Washington's First Experiment in Direct The 1914 initiative, Measure 8, sought to put the public press under the control of the Public Utilities Commission. Huber, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 34546. Render date: 2023-03-05T02:55:20.358Z WebThe Era of Reconstruction, 18651877; Go West Young Man! 13. For an overview of many of the ballot measures adopted during the Progressive Era, see Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers, 2526. b. increase the influence of business owners on regulatory legislation The recall enables citizens to collect signatures to force a retention vote of an elected official. Despite serious concerns about voter competence during the Progressive Era, political scientists today generally concur that voters are capable of meeting minimal requirements for decision making in direct-democracy elections. Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices, 20. Schrag, Paradise Lost, 219. Since the enactment of the election of Senators by the citizens of their state, Senators, again, please the voters, and the state legislatures have severely lost power and influence with their federal Senators. 16th These innovations allowed people to vote directly on a number of things. As part of the separation of powers, our Founders wanted Senators beholding to the interests and wishes of the state governments. 10. 11. 2009. (New York, 1955), 261Google Scholar. For the keen interest of voters regarding prohibition measures in other states during the Progressive Era, see Shippee, Lester, Washington's First Experiment in Direct Legislation, Political Science Quarterly 30 (1915), 235253CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barnett, , The Operation of the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in Oregon, 1915Google Scholar; Allswang, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 18981998; Beard, and Shultz, , Documents on the State-wide Initiative, Referendum and Recall, 1912Google Scholar. 58. In the following sentences, circle each incorrectly used lowercase letter. See Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers, 226. See Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers, 9. b. the introduction of prison reform 2005. Schnader, W. A., Proper Safeguards for the Initiative and Referendum, American Political Science Review 10 (1916): 515531, 519CrossRefGoogle Scholar. a. working with labor unions to increase worker salaries Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 825. "Referendum c. congress called a regulatory agency to audit railroads Despite the tireless efforts of M. Dane Waters and the Initiative and Referendum Institute, much work remains simply to provide a full and accurate account of the ballot titles and texts of all the measures approved and rejected by citizens during the Progressive Era. It usually involves gathering enough signatures and then the initiativegoing on a ballot. This authority arguably conflicted with Measure 23, which vested custody over all public funds in the state treasurer. In August 1912, a Denver district judge, Harry Riddle, agreed with the plaintiffs, and it looked as though Coloradoans would still be without the initiative and referendum. c. were all muckrakers Western Federation of Miners, Official Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Western Federation of Miners of America, August 2, 1910July 29, 1916 (Denver, 1916), 409Google Scholar. From Hegel in Prussia, to academia in America, to Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the living constitution and two amendments in 1912 replaced our Founders limited and defined government. Progressive Era For initiative and referendum passage rates in the states, see Magleby, Direct Legislation, 9095. WebThe Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 5. WebAnti-Trust Regulation - Progressives sought more fairness in the capitalist economy and thought that if businesses became too big and powerful (trusts or monopolies), then they could exploit consumers and workers and drive out small businesses. c. setting limits on the growth of private industry -Jacob Riis Measure 22, the livestock referendum, proposed to transfer control of branding from the Secretary of State to a new board, in whom all authority would be vested. As such, Speer allied himself with his party adversary in the hopes of getting enough votes to be chosen as senator. and Th WebThe Progressive Movement was an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunity, and to correct injustices in American life. (Danzer R54). Political events that led to Oklahoma statehood mirrored the broader goals, concerns, and reforms of the so-called progressive era (19001916). Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 66; The Eight-Hour Laws. Rocky Mountain News, 24 10 1912Google Scholar. See Lapp, John, Public Utilities, American Political Science Review 6 (1912): 576578CrossRefGoogle Scholar. America continues to benefit from the many reforms that were proposed and then enacted as a result of the Progressive Era. The Battle Over Ballot Initiatives in America; Lupia, Arthur, Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections, American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 6376CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Dewey explains: The individual is under obligation to use his rights in social ways Property, for example, must be used in a socially desirable way. However, the alliance was publicly revealed in the Rocky Mountain News, owned by former U.S. a. In 1907, for example, political scientist George Haynes wrote how [i]t is commonly assumed that, in a heated campaign, the average voter will keep in touch]a very fitting phrasewith the questions of the day. Micro-Level Legislative Responsiveness to Ballot Initiatives, State Politics and Policy Quarterly 1 (2001): 5061CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 487, 24 10 1912, 3Google Scholar. To view our privacy policy please visit: https://www.freedomworks.org/privacy-policy. WebSocial conservatism means this in my opinion: The people like the Monarchy, especially the Queen. In fact, Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific Railroad) was involved in numerous California ballot campaigns, from an unsuccessful 1911 legislative referendum that would have allowed public officials to ride for free on trains, to a successful 1948 statutory initiative that required the public Utilities Commission to specify the number of brakemen on trains. Immediately following the 1910 popular vote, opponents challenged the measure in court, arguing that the special session bill had not been submitted properly to the people under Colorado's constitution. See Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 73, 75, 8384; Vote for Eighteen of the Proposed Measures, Cast Your Vote Against Fourteen of the Bills, Denver Post, 30 October 1912. Many 20-to-40 years-old are moving into their parents homes. Johnson achieved national prominence in the early 20th century. Colorado State Archives, The Governor John F. Shafroth Collection. . For a discussion of the debate over salmon fishing in Oregon, see Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices, 11828. b. Taft took votes away from Wilson c. the assimilation of immigrants While some such restrictions had always applied, the scope of the new law was much more broad. At the time, the Denver Post was being sued for libel, so it understandably kept its editorializing to a minimum. d. the growing number of workers organizing into labor unions, Passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, Clayton Antitrust Act, Mann Elkins Act and Hepburn Act show Following his two terms as governor, Shafroth was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat in 1912. What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? Feature Flags: { thesis, University of Denver, 1961), 8689Google Scholar. 71. Often in life, we go through challenges and losses Two of the most powerful advocates were Woodrow Wilson of Princeton, New Jersey, and John Dewey of Chicago. a. the FDA was created Citing the clout of corporate monopolies that dominated numerous state legislatures at the turn of the century, contemporary observers of direct democracy approvingly note how citizen groups during the Progressive Era used the mechanisms to take on an array of vested interests. d. the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Which of the following occurred as a result of the Sherman Antitrust Act? 66. This database contains information on state processes, including subject matter, petitions, circulator requirements, signature requirements and more. WebPositive Progress Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Cape Coral, FL, 33904, (239) 431-3653, Now Accepting New Clients. "referendum Miners' Magazine, vol. The Progressive Era was characterized by attempts to embrace, Throughout recent years, most Americans have experienced stagnate wages. Encyclopedia.com. Like Shafroth, Ammons switched party allegiances in 1896, joining the Democratic party after serving in the state legislature as a Republican during the early 1890s. The people listed above a. veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits A legislature is the embodiment of the doctrine, legislate circumvallate bedplate template breastplate nameplate faceplate chelate fishplate sibilate jubilate flagellate legislat, The declaration of independence declares that the "united colonies" are, as they ought mk mm to be, "free and independent states." He was reelected to a fourth term in 1900 as a Democrat. This allows people the power to create a law when their legislators are not willing to do so. Chicago voters rejected Democratic Mayor Lori Lightfoots bid for a second term on Tuesday, elevating progressive Cook County Commissioner Brandon Johnson to face conservative candidate Paul Vallas an ardent school privatization advocate in Answer these questions about the lines of "A Psalm of Life. These disparate and seemingly unrelated phenomena have a common source PROGRESSIVISM. . a. the Social Gospel Movement WebHiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866 August 6, 1945) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 23rd governor of California from 1911 to 1917. and Many people tried to get around this amendment through bootlegging and speakeasies, however, and the enforcement of this law was difficult. Despite opposition by the influential Denver Republican newspaper and many public officials from both major parties, voters reelected Governor Shafroth in 1910 with 54 percent of the vote. Vickie listened with interest to a speech made by commissioner Jackson. 22 Feb. 2023 . 70. b. sweeping voting reforms For example, McMechen and Griswold both misinterpret the way in which the bill became a compulsory statutory referendum. a. federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions WebEstablished in 1989, Progressive Design Build is a premier design/build remodeling firm in Southwest Florida proudly serving Lee and Collier County residents with the highest Therefore, the wealthy and productive owe society, which has claims on their property and activity. As in other states, when a popular referendum in Colorado receives a majority yes vote, it means that the legislation in question is approvingly retained by the voters. Burris's bill was opposed by the public utility corporations. "useRatesEcommerce": false 59. It allowed state legislatures to influence the election of U.S. senators. A monopoly is when one corporation or person controls almost an entire industry, such as steelor oil, so there is no competition. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures Submitted to the Electors of Colorado Under the Initiative and Referendum Amendment and by the 18th General Assembly (Denver, 1912), 26Google Scholar. 4. What is the reflection of the story of princess urduja? 34. In effect, the law only covered one-fifth of all underground workers. Zimmerman, Joseph, The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making (Westport, Conn., 1999), 9495Google Scholar. 19. Women's Work Reform -Key was to limit number of work hours. If a sentence is already correct, write C after it. an era of intense social and political reform aimed at making progress toward a better society. The Progressive Era. 3. 49. He served only one term, defeated by Republican Lawrence Phipps in 1918. Among the political reforms introduced during the Progressive era was the referendum, by which acts of the legislature are referred to the people for their approval or rejection at an election. Initiatives are citizen made proposals and amendments that can be put on ballots during elections; they are the most frequently used out of the On the actual 1914 ballot, however, only the proposed sections of the law to be repealed were listed. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. ObamaCare has caused thousands of people to lose insurance and doctors. The Progressive Era was a period marked by reforms aimed at breaking the concentrated power, or monopoly, of certain corporations and trusts. Opponents of direct democracy then tried to convince Secretary of State James Pearce, a Democrat, that the vast majority of the signatures on the various petitions circulating for the 1912 election were forgeries. Colorado Secretary of State, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 5, A.D. 1912 (Denver, 1913)Google Scholar. Link, Arthur and McCormick, Richard, Progressivism (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1983)Google Scholar. 40. referendum and direct primary elections. a. interviewing for employment It should be noted that the Oregon legislature had passed a law creating a public utilities commission in 1911, but it was challenged (and thereby temporarily suspended) by a popular referendum that was placed on the ballot in 1912. -Provided aid to the urban poor For instance, Cronin reports incorrectly that after several failed attempts, initiative petition in Colorado granted the vote to women. Cronin, Thomas, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar. As evidence, they submit the popular adoption of numerous progressive reforms during the 1910s, such as the direct primary, women's suffrage, prohibition, the abolition of the poll tax, home rule for cities and towns, eighthour workdays for women and miners, and the regulation of public utility and railroad monopolies. It gave governors the ability to limit terms of U.S. senators. See Matsusaka, John, Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative: Evidence from the Last 30 Years, Journal of Political Economy 103 (1995): 587623CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, Problems with a Methodology Used to Evaluate the Voter Initiative, Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 125056; Gerber, Elisabeth, Legislative Response to the Threat of Popular Initiatives, American Journal of Political Science 40 (1996): 99128CrossRefGoogle Scholar; but see Lascher, Edward, Hagen, Michael, and Rochlin, Steven, Gun Behind the Door? 19th Amendment diss., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1963), 332334Google Scholar. Speer and Evans had another reason to be allies. ." WebGreater Durham Chamber of Commerce. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 63. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the Save PDF action button. The progressives, as they called themselves, worked to make American society a better and safer place in which to live. 31. For an excellent explanation (and frank admission of the inherent confusion) of the popular referendum in California, see Allswang, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 1819. 67. Ironically, Judge Lindsey, the principal author of the initiative calling for the recall of elected officials, was himself nearly recalled in one of the measure's first applications. Has data issue: true WebThe Progressive Era also witnessed a wave of radicalism, with leaders who believed that America was beyond reform and that only a complete revolution of sorts would bring about the necessary changes. TheProgressive Era spanned the late 1800s to the 1920s. However, Woodrow Wilson was the first president to strongly support the Progressive creed and strongly asserted that the Constitution and the philosophy of our Founders were archaic. Bill to Abolish State Senate as Corporation Tool and Bar to Progress to be Initiated, Rocky Mountain News, 8 January 1913; House Democrats Plan to Head Petitions for Abolition of State Senate, Rocky Mountain News, 9 January 1913. Many Progressives began to push for things such as the recall and referendum due to their belief that elections where voters had more power would force officeholders to be more responsible. This followed after American intellectuals studied in Germany and became devotees to the theory that intelligent elites, using the power of government, will mold better people and a superior society. 26. . Bring out the contrasting ideas in the following by using the pause: Contrast now the circumstances of your life and mine, gently and with temper, AEschines; and then ask these people whose fortune they would each of them prefer. For example, voters in counties that broadly supported the DLL's Measure 13 would be expected not to support the utility companies' sham initiative, Measure 4.

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