[6][14][15], On May 8, 1942, Elijah Muhammad was arrested for failure to register for the draft during World War II. [11][12][13], In 1934, the Nation of Islam published its first newspaper, Final Call to Islam, to educate and build membership. Khaalis attracted Lew Alcindor, whom Khaalis renamed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. 12 were accused of the crime. He spent his entire adult life building the Black Muslim community. sharecroppers (farming the owner's land for a share of the crops) A wave of change was being felt in the American landscape, as the Muslim communities started opening religious centers and several businesses that catered to the black and Muslim communities. He left his mark. The most important of them formed a new group called the [6][15][16], Following his return to Chicago, Elijah Muhammad was firmly in charge of the Nation of Islam. Some of Fards doctrines, such as a cosmology that identified blacks as the original race and white people as devils created later by a mad scientist named Yakub, are still difficult to interpret. Elijah Muhammad's program for economic development played a large part in the growth in the Nation of Islam. as pork, were forbidden), smoking and drinking (both banned), dress and Muhammad Speaks, Members of Muhammad Mosque No. In August 1931, at the urging of his wife, Elijah Poole attended a speech on Islam and black empowerment by Wallace Fard Muhammad (Wallace D. Fard). Its a major loss, a loss that cant be recovered, but I will forever cherish our memories. The Nation also owned over 15,000 acres of farmland, their own truck- and air- transport systems, as well as a publishing company that printed the country's largest black newspaper. They have since been sold by the estate. The family offered thanks and heartfelt gratitude to all who sent condolences. Born Tynnetta Alethea Nelson May 10, 1941, Mother Tynnetta accepted Islam under the teachings of the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad at 16 and became a registered member, receiving her X in 1958 at 17. One of his younger brothers also turned against Elijah for the same. Cook County Circuit Judge Henry Budzinski ended a seven-year court battle with his ruling Thursday that the disputed bank account at the First Pacific Bank of Chicago, now known as Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, was the private property of Muhammad and did not belong to the church of Islam. Khaalis sent letters that were critical of Muhammad and Fard to Muhammad, his ministers, and the media. "It's better that I bear the grief and the mark instead of the child.". His light skin other cities, and farms were purchased so that "pure" food This is only the vessel she traveled in., (Ashahed M. Muhammad contributed to this report from Detroit. Muhammad was born on October 7, 1897 in Sandersville, Georgia. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. For the next two decades, Elijahs influence weakened, and he lost his hold on the NOI. Several of his competitors proved themselves to be a lot more educated, talented, and ferocious. Elijah Muhammad (2006): 1. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Susan B. Anthony, How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes. T he year I was born, my father joined the Nation of Islam. He also noted that after Muhammad`s death, the bank froze the fund temporarily, evidence that it considered it a personal fund. It featured an unorthodox (nontraditional) form of Muhammad, who renamed the movement the World Community of Al-Islam in Temple of Islam, but a newspaper called The money helped Elijah to acquire opulent homes for himself and his family and establish overseas bank accounts. In 1923, the Poole family was among hundreds of thousands of black families forming the First Great Migration leaving the oppressive and economically troubled South in search of safety and employment. He was an extremist and banned the members of the NOI from indulging in any behavior that went against the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. He promoted black self-sufficiency and self-reliance over integration, and he encouraged African Americans to return to their African homeland. Grooming was made a necessity. Mother of the Nation: Clara Evans Muhammad: Wife of Elijah Muhammad, Mother of Imam W. Deen Mohammed (THE FORMATIVE YEARS: 1899-1930). In a related ruling Thursday, Budzinski found that the bank rightfully turned over an estimated $150,000 from an economic development fund to the Muslim organization after Muhammad`s death. Elijah Muhammad was portrayed by Al Freeman Jr. in Spike Lee's 1992 motion picture Malcolm X. Albert Hall, who played the composite character "Baines" in Malcolm X, later played Muhammad in Michael Mann's 2001 film, Ali. the strict dress code, abandoned resistance to military service, He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed . 1. The voices of those gathered on that crisp, cold day rang out through the burial grounds. He was survived by many children, including his two daughters and six sons by his wife, most notably future leader Warith Deen Muhammad. All Rights Reserved. Farrakhan greeted guests, smiled and shook hands before sharing a few more brief words about the woman whose lasting legacy and impact was on the hearts and minds of many. They had eight children: six boys and two girls, including Warith Deen Mohammed, who would later lead an offshoot organization of the Nation of Islam. One particular Table Talk that stood out for her was, Queen of Civilization. In this talk, the Honorable Muhammad talked about how he wanted to make a woman that would go around the world with a committee of women and make friends for the Black man and woman and represent the civilization of the Nation of Islam. Eight of Elijah Muhammad's 22 children filed suit in 1979, contending the money belonged to their father's estate and not to the religious community. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elijah_Muhammad&oldid=1141790260, at least 23 (8 with Evans, 15 with others), including, Lucille Rosary Karriem Muhammad: three girls, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 20:34. Talking about his teenage experiences in Georgia, Elijah stated that he had witnessed enough brutality on the blacks to last him a thousand years. Elijah, Jr. was the last surviving child of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and Mother Clara Muhammad. [6][7] Fard taught that black people, as original Asiatics, had a rich cultural history which was stolen from them in their enslavement. One of Clara Muhammads important contributions was the MGT, short for Muslim Girls Training and General Civilization Class, and the GCC (General Civilization Class), Face 2 Face reported. Minister Farrakhan Articles Prior to July 21, 2020, Nation of Islam celebrate the class of 2020-2023 graduates, The Reality of God and Defending Point #12, Farrakhan calls out the Synagogue of Satan, Back together again! Chicago soon featured not only a I would not dare to do my scholarship the way I do as it relates to this teaching if I didnt see her do it, said Dr. Wesley Muhammad. [24] His letters also revealed what he knew of Fard, alleging he was John Walker of Gary who had come to America at 27 from Greece, had served prison time for stealing, and raping a 17-year-old girl, and had died in Chicago, Illinois, at 78. The same year, the NOI started its very own newspaper named Final Call to Islam and preached about their visions to grow more followers. After the abolition of slavery, he became a Baptist preacher. When they inspect it, you won't have to say that yours is better. Over the past 48 . It was 1931, and Fards speech had a deep impact on Elijah. Courtesy Tyra Muhammad. Over the next 30 years, Muhammad built the religion from a small fringe group into a large and complex organization that attracted controversy along with its new prominence. He was unique in his embrace of both black nationalism and pan-Africanism, with traditional Islamic themes. The University of Islam (UI) was subsequently promoted, and several followers enrolled their children into the UI, ignoring the public school systems. The presence that she brought was one of divinity and I just thank Allah for the opportunity to have been in her presence, he said., During her travels, Mother Tynnetta always searched for and sought to connect the history of the Original Black man throughout the planet. [9] His younger brother Kalot Muhammad became the leader of the movement's self-defense arm, the Fruit of Islam. His mother, Mariah Hall, also worked as a sharecropper and looked after her big household that had 13 children to take care of. They married in Georgia in 1917, before he changed his name from Elijah Poole. Delores Ali, was a cook for the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and was a friend of Mother Tynnetta. My parents had five children. Fard stated that African Americans could regain their freedoms through self-independence and cultivation of their own culture and civilization. April: Malcolm flies to Phoenix with Elijah Muhammad's son Wallace to confront the Nation of Islam's leader. Children of its members attended classes at the newly created Muhammad University of Islam, but this soon led to challenges by boards of education in Detroit and Chicago, which considered the children truants from the public school system. Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole in Sandersville, Georgia, the seventh of thirteen children of William Poole Sr. (18681942), a Baptist lay preacher and sharecropper, and Mariah Hall (18731958), a homemaker and sharecropper. Smart Policies are as low as $30 a month, No Medical Exam Required I think we should shout to the heavens Allahu Akbar for this life that touched our lives and made a difference in our lives and in the lives of many now, and many, many more in the future, said Min. A charismatic speaker, Muhammad was unyielding in his criticism of white oppression. Yes sir! was the spirited reply.. Spiritual & Religious Leaders, Founder/Co-Founder: Muslim Mosque, Inc., Nation of Islam, See the events in life of Elijah Muhammad in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaM-E18cx6c, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elijah_Muhammad_NYWTS-2.jpg, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSig15gEslQ, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVGdhCMNgHY, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkF9ECWIENk, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_rHP4Y2qE. Muhammad also wrote several books, including Message to the Blackman in America (1965) and How to Eat to Live (1967). When Fard mysteriously disappeared in 1934, the Nation of Islam split into several rival factions. He was one of 13 children of William and Mariah (Hall) Poole. He was a pioneer who laid so many foundations that stand strong., He had the biggest fist but his heart was way much bigger. Your assignment/job is complete! "[36][37], Elijah's pro-separation views were compatible with those of some white supremacist organizations in the 1960s. Judge Henry Budzinski ruled that $3.3 million in assets and $2.4 million in interest accrued since Muhammad`s death Feb. 25, 1975, must be turned over to his estate by Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, formerly First Pacific Bank of Chicago. Halasa, Malu. The hardships continued through the 1920s and the 1930s. After her husband took over as the leader of the Nation of Islam, he was imprisoned for a decade for draft evasion in the 1940s. She could be serious but most of the times she was just like a little girl. Our babies are dying, where are our friends? Farrakhan said. Shes not there. I would go out and try to help him, but with five children I could not work steadily. It was a very critical time in the development of what would become the Nation of Islam, said historian and archivist Carlos Muhammad. Alan Dershowitz, Police traffic stops in nations capital disproportionately target Blacks, A Call to Action to address Covid-19 in Black Chicago, KOBE: His Life, Legend and Legacy of Excellence, About Harriett and the Negro Hollywood Road Show, Skepticism greets Jay-Z, NFL talk of inspiring change, The painful problem of Black girls and suicide, Exploitation of Innocence - Report: Perceptions, policies hurting Black girls, Big Ballin: Big ideas fuel a fathers Big Baller Brand and brash business sense, Super Predators: How American Science Created Hillarys Young Black Thugs, Pt. In need of money, she, like many other Black women at the time, became a domestic worker for a white family. Clara Muhammad was born Clara Evans near Macon, Georgia, in 1899. Fard was proclaimed the earthly representative of Allah, and Elijah customers in the African American ghetto of their ancestral His parents were former slaves who worked as [51] He was also portrayed by Clifton Davis in the series Godfather of Harlem. [5] Elijah later recounted that before the age of 20, he had witnessed the lynchings of three black men by white people. Ultimately the court ruled against them.[47][48][49]. Is Israel baiting the U.S. into war with Iran? thirteen children, his schooling only lasted until he was nine; then As a result, he was held in a federal prison in Milan, Michigan, for four years. Young, unmarried pregnant women sometimes gave birth in secret at maternity homes. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. of color, and that it made no sense for African Americans to fight those black people were the original human beings and that white people had Violence erupted, and when the situation became uncontrollable and several UI board members were jailed, the NOI backed out. It is a terrible thing for such people to charge me with teaching race hatred when their feet are on my people's neck and they tell us to our face that they hate black people." [27], On December1, 1963, when asked for a comment about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, MalcolmX said that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost". The younger Muhammad was later named the new leader of the Islam nation, which is now known as the Muslim American Community. "On the Witness Stand: The Exclusive w/ Mother Evelyn Muhammad #Farrakhan" https://buff.ly/2FxhtcFFollow Knowledge for LIFE atWebsite: http://know4life.orgS. Those roles included working in the Temple No. His influence at the Muhammad Speaks newspaper plant was really quite profound and extensive. Elijah, Jr. was the last surviving child of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and Mother Clara Muhammad. sympathizing with the Japanese during World War II (193945; a Nearly a decade of litigation ended Thursday when 22 children of the late Elijah Muhammad were awarded more than $5 million by a Cook County Circuit Court judge who ruled that a South Side. Both, in his opinion, were bad. She leaves a monumental testimony, he added. Malcolm led the New York Temple but in the mid-1960s, he formed his own movement. "[26] Elijah confirmed the rumors in 1963, attempting to justify his behavior by referring to precedents set by biblical prophets. Those 20,000 acres, as well as several Chicago businesses once owned by the Muslim organization, were intended to fulfill Elijah Muhammad`s dream of economic self-sufficiency for blacks. [24], The letters stated blacks had been better off "from a psychological point of view" before Fard When a friend told Clara about Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam, she encouraged her husband to attend one of the groups meetings. 1:20. He later toned down his rhetoric, noting shortly before his death that "the slavemaster is no longer hindering us, we're hindering ourselves.". Eight of Elijah Muhammad's 22 children filed suit in 1979, contending the money belonged to their father's estate and not to the religious community. He was one of 13 children of William and Mariah (Hall) Poole. He took us out and gave us so many experiences as young Muslims. One of his sons, Warith Deen Muhammad, was supposed to be the next leader of the group. He had eight children. He spent much of his time reading 104 books suggested by Wallace Fard at the Library of Congress. Two daughters and six sons including notable: In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Elijah Muhammad on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[50]. His father was a sharecropper and his. In 1942 Muhammad was one of a group of militant African American leaders Following extensive work by Elijah, their community in Detroit grew rapidly and Elijah was soon made their leader. The movement he had founded quickly developed several smaller [4] To support the family, he worked with his parents as a sharecropper. Muhammad confirmed the rumors in 1963, attempting to justify his behavior by referring to precedents set by Biblical prophets. She was always very humorous and kept you laughing. In an earlier trial on the issue that ended in 1982, Budzinski ruled in favor of the children, a decision reversed on appeal in 1984. The records showed that Muhammad`s staff acknowledged them as contributions to his personal fund. He preached that the Nation of Islam's goal was to return the stolen hegemony of the inferior whites back to blacks across America. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. 2 grocery store, the South Park Bakery owned by his brother Jabir Muhammad Minas Pastries. He was also responsible for the transportation of the sheep back and forth to the Michigan Farm. His parents were former slaves who worked as sharecroppers (farming the owner's land for a share of the crops) on a cotton plantation; his father was also a Baptist preacher. During the years Elijah was in prison, Clara took over as an interim leader who carried Elijahs orders from prison to Nation ministers, Sapelo reported. Here at MOPS, we gather and support moms. He instructed them well, in how to behave, how to carry themselves. At an early age, he witnessed extreme prejudice and violence toward blacks. Muhammad was his divinely appointed prophet. The most giving and loyal person I know. The judge still must rule on whether the estate or Wallace Muhammad`s organization, now called the Muslim Community of America, is the legal owner of land in Michigan, Alabama and Georgia. After first discounting the rumors, MalcolmX came to believe them after he spoke with Muhammad's son Wallace and with the girls making the accusations. direction. [24], After the letters were sent, 7 of Khaalis' family members were murdered at the Hanafi Madh-Hab Center. The 46-year-old mother of five graduated last month from Grambling State University, which she attended at the same time as three of her five children. The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan delivered Al-Fatiha in Arabic over the wooden casket. He was in prison at the time. His other siblings also followed suit. He was always concerned about the family., He was always there to guide and correct, to help us maintain family ties. After he was released on bail, Muhammad fled Washington D.C. on the advice of his attorney, who feared a lynching, and returned to Chicago after a seven-year absence. After moving to Detroit in 1923, Elijah Muhammad met W. D. Fard, founder of the black separatist movement Nation of Islam (NOI). She was the wife of Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad. He married Clara Evans in 1917. Clegg, Claude Andrew, III. [35] Many people suspected that the Nation of Islam was responsible for the killing of Malcolm X. [17], Muhammad preached his own version of Islam to his followers in the Nation. She was personally responsible for bringing the Quran into the U.S. correctional institutions. however, was due to end soon; the time was at hand for black people to [1] The common view is that all were born to Muhammad's first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except one son, named Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. [4] Afterward, Poole said he approached Fard and asked if he was the "Mahdi" (redeemer), Fard responded that he was, but that his time had not yet come. [20], On January 30, 1975, Muhammad entered Mercy Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, suffering from a combination of heart disease, diabetes, bronchitis, and asthma. He led hundreds, thousands, as captain of the Nation of Islam. Slavery had just been abolished, but it was still tough for the former slaves to make a decent living. No more trials, suffering, convincing, influencing. Im evolving every day. Farrakhan said during his remarks. Muhammad was imprisoned from 1942 to 1946 for evading the draft. He assumed leadership of the Nation's Temple No. By the 1970s, the Nation of Islam owned bakeries, barber shops, coffee shops, grocery stores, laundromats, night-clubs, a printing plant, retail stores, numerous real estate holdings, and a fleet of tractor trailers, plus farmland in Michigan, Alabama, and Georgia. He was accused of It resulted in the First Great Migration, as many black families left the South to look for more opportunities elsewhere. It is a tremendous sense of obligation now upon our community to lift up the Holy Quran, read and study it in her memory and in tradition said Imam Sultan R. Muhammad. Farrakhan when he stood up to rebuild the Nation of Islam in the late 1970s. The judge noted that after Muhammad`s death, the $3.3 million was transferred into an account called Wallace Muhammad`s Poor Fund. The Muhammad Speaks newspaper was the number one selling Black newspaper in America. He and his first wife, Sylvia, had yet to have children. Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole in Sandersville, Georgia, on October 7, 1897. Early years and life before Nation of Islam, Malcolm X's public response to the assassination of President Kennedy. 4. a University of Islam, and several apartment houses, grocery stores, However, Malcolm X was Under his system Mom of 5 graduates from college after 30 years. Elijah Muhammad died of congestive heart failure on February 25, 1975, in Mercy Hospital in Chicago. who were victims of white discrimination (an unjust treatment or Elijah Muhammad succeeded him in Detroit and was named "Minister of Islam". religion of the slave masters. Book 1 of 1: Mother of the Nation: Clara Evans Muhammad See all formats and editions Paperback $17.10 2 Used from $11.99 4 New from $17.10 Mother of the Nation offers the definitive biography of Clara Evans Muhammad, a Black woman who became the center of an unprecedented racial and religious transformation in the US. leadership of his movement passed to his son, Wallace (now Warith) Deen When she and Elijah relocated, times were tough and it was hard to find employment in Detroit, Sapelo reported. Chronology of the Nation of Islam, Toure Muhammad. He was born June 29, 1931 in Detroit. As a scholar of Islam, Mother Tynnetta made her mark on the hearts and minds of others, encouraging them to delve deeper into the study of the Holy Quran. Mother Tynnetta was a gift from Allah (God), our mother he continued. What is the aim, vision of Rep. Ilhan Omars U.S.-Africa Policy Working Group? Poole converted and adopted the teachings of the Nation of Islam, and Fard gave him a new name, Elijah Muhammad. Best Known For: Elijah Muhammad rose from poverty to become the charismatic leader of the black nationalist group Nation of Islam, and mentor of Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan. came along because it weaned them from Christianity to a fabricated form of Islam. color made him even more aware of the injustices (unfair treatments) She wrote about this in a 1967 Muhammad Speaks article. appeared in Detroit in 1930, selling silk goods and telling his ''The people gave and gave until it hurt,'' he said. Found guilty, Elijah Muhammad served four years, from 1942 to 1946, at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan. By the time of his death, Elijah had converted the NOI from a small religious group to a full-fledged enterprise with more than 250,000 members. The account totaled $3.3 million when Muhammad died in 1975 and has accrued more than $2 million in interest. The National Guard was deployed in Atlanta, what does this mean as shootings, violence plague other American cities? In general, he made the movement much more In 1977, Louis Farrakhan resigned from Warith Deen's reformed organization and reinstituted the original Nation of Islam upon the foundation established by Wallace Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad. We forever love you! While Muhammad was in prison, the growth of the Nation of Islam had stagnated, with fewer than 400 members remaining by the time of his release in 1946. He appearance (conservative, neat clothing and good grooming were On July 4, 1964, news broke of the lawsuit, which aimed to have Muhammad listed as the children's biological father, compelling him to pay child support. Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole on October 7, 1897 in Sandersville, GA. His father, William, was a sharecropper and his mother, Mariah, was a domestic worker. his words and actions Muhammad spent four years, from 1942 to 1946, in a [6] Muhammad is also a Council Member and "is sometimes considered the most likely successor" to Louis Farrakhan. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. The Honorable Elijah Muhammad said it is "the greatest military weapon ever developed in the annals of the history of Allah (God) and man in this Universe." He said that the Vision of this. The litigation has gone to the Illinois Appellate Court once, and will go there again if attorneys for the bank decide to appeal. His legacy lives through all he touched and mentored. His controversial views on race and his call for blacks having an independent nation for themselves, made him a controversial figure, both within and outside the Nation of Islam. After she married, she and her husband, Elijah Poole, moved north to Detroit in 1923 with their two infants. In the early 1930s, Elijah became increasingly interested in the black movements, and upon the insistence of his wife, he attended a speech by Islamic preacher Wallace D. Fard. encouraged members to vote and to salute the flag, and even opened the When Muhammad died of congestive heart failure on February 25, 1975, he left behind a thriving religious movement with a membership as high as 250,000. Muhammad moved a group of followers to Chicago, where he established Temple of Islam No. One of them was Malcolm X, one of the most notorious men of the 20th century. assassinated on February 21, 1965. New York Temple. February 28, 2023. Four men from NOI Mosque No. He grew up in Cordele, Georgia, where he attended school only through the fourth grade and dropped out to begin working in sawmills and brickyards. [7] He lived about 90 minutes outside of New Medina near his daughter Yasmeen, and his grandchildren. He was also charged with manipulation of his followers, as he turned them against joining American forces. Ernest 2X McGee was the first national secretary of the NOI and had been ousted in the late 1950s. But by the time of the 1970s, he was the influential character under Supreme Captain Raymond Sharrieff., Yasmeen Muhammad, his only daughter from second wife Patricia, saw him in another light. In 1931, Clara Muhammad pioneered the NOIs primary and secondary independent schools. correct religion for African Americans, denouncing Christianity as the Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah (or Robert) Poole on October 7, 1897, near Sandersville, Georgia. In 1980, Imam Warith Deen Mohammed renamed the University of Islam after his mother. He was the sixth child of the family that included Emmanuel, Ethel, Lottie, Nathaniel, Jabir, Wallace, later known as Imam Warith Deen, and Akbar. He would go around to the various properties, inspect them and make sure that the maintenance and the cleanliness was up kept. He also revealed an assassination attempt made on his life, through a discovered explosive device in his car, as well as the death threats he was receiving, in response to his exposure of Elijah Muhammad. Poole became an early follower of W. D. Fard (c. 1877c. One of Born: 7-Oct-1897 Birthplace: Sandersville, GA Died: 25-Feb-1975 Location of death: Chicago, IL Cause of death: Heart Failure Remains: Buried, Mount Glenwood Memory Gardens, Glenwood, IL Gender: Male Religion: Muslim Race or Ethnicity: Black Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Religion Nationality: United States Executive summary: Nation of Islam